{"version":"1.0","provider_name":"Twist Islamophobia","provider_url":"https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/en","author_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n de Cultura Isl\u00e1mica","author_url":"https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/en\/author\/funci\/","title":"Countering Islamophobia in the eighteenth century - Twist Islamophobia","type":"rich","width":600,"height":338,"html":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"uVhJKGCo2T\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/en\/2021\/03\/04\/countering-islamophobia-in-the-eighteenth-century\/\">Countering Islamophobia in the eighteenth century<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src=\"https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/en\/2021\/03\/04\/countering-islamophobia-in-the-eighteenth-century\/embed\/#?secret=uVhJKGCo2T\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" title=\"&#8220;Countering Islamophobia in the eighteenth century&#8221; &#8212; Twist Islamophobia\" data-secret=\"uVhJKGCo2T\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\"><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\n\/*! This file is auto-generated *\/\n!function(d,l){\"use strict\";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&\"undefined\"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!\/[^a-zA-Z0-9]\/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),c=new RegExp(\"^https?:$\",\"i\"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display=\"none\";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute(\"style\"),\"height\"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):\"link\"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute(\"src\")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener(\"message\",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll(\"iframe.wp-embedded-content\"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute(\"data-secret\"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+=\"#?secret=\"+t,e.setAttribute(\"data-secret\",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:\"ready\",secret:t},\"*\")},!1)))}(window,document);\n\/\/# sourceURL=https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-embed.min.js\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script>\n","thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/twistislamophobia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Alger-Palace_islamophobia-18-century.jpg","thumbnail_width":2500,"thumbnail_height":1594,"description":"Ann Thomson, professor at the European University Institute, reflects in this article on some early attempts at countering Islamophobia in the 18th century, in a context of confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and tensions with Algeria. The article was originally published at the Voltaire Foundation, associated to the University of Oxford. The most widespread European attitude towards Islam and the Muslim world in the eighteenth century was one of hostility. Islam was of course the main challenger to Christianity, and in the early part of the century the Ottoman Empire was still an ever-present threat in the Mediterranean. So it was an object of both fear and suspicion. But in some quarters there was less hostility. The toleration of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire was contrasted favourably with the religious persecution in many European countries, with the Catholics often being singled out as much more intolerant than the Muslims. Irreligious thinkers sometimes used this to attack all Churches. The toleration of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire was contrasted favourably with the religious persecution in many European countries, with the Catholics often being singled out as much more intolerant than the Muslims. Several people who had direct experience of ..."}